Determine the speed of sound in air. Determine the speed of sound in water. Determine the speed of sound in solids. Verify Ohm's law and connect resistors in series and parallel. Verify Archimedes' principle. Verify the law of free fall under the influence of gravity. Determine the resultant force. Plot the distance, velocity, and acceleration curves with respect to time. Study projectile motion. Verify Hooke's law of elasticity. Determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum.

Elasticity (Hook's Law - Stress - Strain - Elastic Moduli - Storage Energy). Fluid Flow, Viscosity, and Applications. Surface Tension and its Applications. Rotational Motion and Calculation of Moment of Inertia for Various Bodies. Gravity and Kepler's Laws. Thermometers and Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids. Quantity of Heat, Specific Heat, and Latent Heat. Transition Phenomena. Laws of Gases, Heat Capacity, Heat of Transformation. Methods of Heat Transfer. Pascal's Law and its Applications.

Properties of electric charges, insulators and conductors, Coulomb's law, electric field. Electric field of a continuous charge distribution, electric field lines, motion of charged particles in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, Gauss's law, application of Gauss's law to charged insulators, conductors in electrostatic equilibrium. Potential and electric potential, potential difference in a uniform electric field, electric potential and potential energy due to point charges. Obtaining electric field values ​​from electric potential, electric potential due to continuous charge distributions, electric potential due to a charged conductor.

Verifying Ohm's Law. Calculating the value of an unknown resistance. Finding the load line. DC circuits. Determining the internal resistance of a battery. Finding the electromotive force (EMF) of a battery. Connecting resistors in electrical circuits. Characteristics of connecting resistors in series. Characteristics of connecting resistors in parallel. Verifying Kirchhoff's laws. Investigating the principle of conservation of charge and the principle of conservation of energy.

Introduction to optics and its propagation. Speed ​​of light and methods of measuring it. Reflection and refraction of light. Internal and total internal reflection. Optical fibers. The prism and light analysis. Lenses, mirrors, and image formation. The human eye and definition of visual impairments. Optical instruments (camera, optical microscope, telescope).

The concepts of mass, force, and Newton's laws of motion; dimensions and units. Particle motion in one dimension: momentum, falling bodies, and harmonic oscillators. Particle motion in two and three dimensions. Motion in three dimensions: motion under the influence of centripetal forces. Particle motion within a system: center of mass, linear and angular momentum. Collision problems and harmonic oscillator couples. Rigid bodies and rotation about an axis: the problem of gravity in the motion of a rigid particle. Simple pendulums and compound pendulums, and calculating the moment of inertia. Centers of gravity of bodies. Gravitational field and gravitational potential.

Magnetic fields: Magnetic force acting on a current-carrying conductor, torque on a current-carrying coil in a uniform magnetic field, motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, Hall effect. Sources of magnetic fields: Payot-Savart law, magnetic force between two parallel conductors, Ampere's law, magnetic field of a solenoid, magnetic flux, Gauss's law, displacement current and the general formula of Gauss's law in magnetism, magnetism in matter. Faraday's law: Lenz's law, electromotive force induced by induction and electric field, generators and motors, Maxwell's equations. Inductance: Self-inductance, RL circuits, energy in a magnetic field, common inductance, oscillations in an LC circuit, RLC circuit.

Motion of a system of particles: center of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy, conservation of energy, motion of two bound bodies, reduced mass, vibrations and dispersion. Gravity: centers of gravity in extended bodies, rotating systems, Foucault's pendulum. Lagrange mechanics: generalized coordinates, systems under constraints and neglected coordinates, Hamilton's principle and its applications. Motion under the influence of centripetal force: rotation about a coordinate, center of mass and moment of inertia, propagation of inertia and its diagonal modification, angular momentum of a rigid body, Euler's equations for a rigid body, Euler angles, symmetrical rotor. Constrained motion of a body. Under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field – Kepler's laws. Dynamics of centripetal forces in systems of bodies. Potential energy in a generalized centripetal field (induced potential energy).

The electronic structure of atoms. Study of electron motion. Semiconductors and their electrical properties. Diodes and their types. Rectifier and filter circuits. Bipolar transistors. Analysis of weak electrical signals. Filters and power sources. Amplifiers and their types. Oscillators and their types. Filters and their types. Logic circuits.

Crystal diode properties. Crystal diode in electronic circuits. Finding the load line. Measuring dynamic resistance. Half-wave rectification. Full-wave rectification. Signal snipping circuits. Zener diode properties. Studying the internal properties of a common-emitter transistor. Studying the external properties of a common-emitter transistor. Studying the internal properties of a common-base transistor. Studying the external properties of a common-base transistor.

Definition of a system, quantity of heat, work, and a cyclic process. The first law of thermodynamics. Water vapor curves and steam tables. The kinetic theory of gases, heat capacity of gases, and mean free path. The general gas law, internal energy, and enthalpy of ideal gases. Important processes in the thermodynamics of water vapor and ideal gases. The second law of thermodynamics and the definition of entropy. Entropy calculations for both gases and water vapor, and plotting curves for cyclic processes. The heat engine, the heat pump, and the Carnot cycle. The third law of thermodynamics.

Mobility of a system of molecules; Law of conservation of momentum; Center of mass; Angular momentum; Law of conservation of energy; Collisions; Rigid bodies; Gravity; Moving axes; Larmore's theorem; Introduction to mechanical systems; Lagrange's equation

The nature of light, classification of optics, Maxwell's equations, the one-dimensional wave equation. The wave theory of physical light, the phenomenon of interference, diffraction. Light interference (Young's experiment - interference in thin films - Newton's rings - Michelson's interferometer). Diffraction of light (Fernell diffraction - Fraunhofer diffraction - diffraction grating). Polarization of light: polarized and unpolarized light. Methods of obtaining polarized light - polarimetry. Malu's law. Lasers, laser applications.

Young's diffraction experiment using a single-slit barrier. Newton's interference loop experiment. An experiment to verify Malus's law of light polarization. An experiment on photoactivity and polarization. A diffraction grating spectrometer experiment. Abbey's experiment with a mercury spectrometer lamp. The Kerr effect experiment. Michelson's interferometer experiment.

Dirac function in one dimension, wave packet. Schrödinger's time-independent equation. Wave function, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Linear operators and eigenvalue equation. Definition and properties of Hermitian equations. Infinite potential well, potential barrier threshold. Harmonic oscillator. Angular momentum. Motion in a central field (hydrogen-like atoms). Methods of approximation

Charged capacitors. Momentum of electric and magnetic fields. Helmholtz theorem. Lorentz force. Lorentz transformations of electromagnetic fields. Forces and torques in a magnetic field. Magnetic force, electric field, and magnetic field. Magnetic force and current component, work, power, and torque. Magnetic torque of a polar coil. Time-varying fields and Maxwell's equations: Faraday's law, Lenz's law, Ohm's law, continuity equation, Ampere's law. Axis (modulation): Maxwell's equations in point and integral forms, Maxwell's equations in free space, the relationship between E and H, the Poynting vector, Poynting's theorem.

Special relativity. Blackbody radiation and Planck's theory. The photoelectric effect and the Compton effect. The particle-like nature of light and the wave-like nature of particles. De Broglie's hypothesis. X-rays. Spectra and the electronic structure of the atom: spectral lines, spectral series of the H atom (single-electron), the atom, Bohr's theory, the congruence principle, energy absorption, properties of the X-ray spectrum (Fozly's law). Free particles, the dual property, the wave equation of a free particle, particles under potential, particles in a box, the Schrödinger equation with potential. Experimental investigation of the structure of the H atom: electron orbital motion and the Zeeman effect, electron spin.

Introduction to Statistical Physics (particle motion in a black box, energy levels, micro- and macro-states). Blackbody radiation (photon partition function, blackbody radiation properties). (Gas partition function, Maxwell's velocity distribution). Quantum gas (boson distribution function, photon distribution function, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions). Temperature and entropy: statistical temperature concept, entropy, free energy. Thermodynamics of gases: Boltzmann partition function, Gibbs reagent, semi-classical ideal gas. Applications in statistical thermodynamics: paramagnetic gas, harmonic oscillator, diatomic bold, two-level system, disordered lattice.

The photoelectric effect experimentally and theoretically, X-rays, the Compton effect, some gamma rays, pair production, pair annihilation, photon absorption. The wave nature of particles: De Broglie waves, the principle of quantization, wave packets, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Time-dependent approximation methods. The hydrogen atom, decay, separation of variables, energy levels, wave functions, quantum numbers, scattering theory. The behavior of particles from a quantum mechanics perspective: Quantum angular momentum: orbital angular momentum, the Z-component of angular momentum, orbital magnetic moment, magnetic field effects. Electronic spin, spin quantum numbers, magnetic effects of spin.

Energy band theory in solids: near-free electron model, energy gap and Brack reflection, strong electron-bonding model Semiconductors: Semiconductor crystal structure and bonds, energy band structure, charge carrier density, intrinsic semiconductors, electrical conductivity, Hall effect, optical properties in semiconductors and photoabsorption processes Insulation and optical properties in solids: Review of basic concepts, dielectric constant and polarizability, polarizability sources, dipole polarizability, ionic polarizability, electronic polarizability, piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity Magnetism and magnetic resonances: Masers, nuclear magnetic resonance, ferromagnetic resonance

Atomic and Nuclear Structure: Nuclear content, nuclear binding energy, nuclear radii. Nuclear Models: Shell model, liquid droplet model, applications of the empirical mass relation. Radioactivity: Nuclear radioactivity, radioactive decay, decay constant, decay time, radioactive decay equation. Nuclear Radiation Measurement: Gamma ray measurement, beta ray measurement, neutron measurement, nuclear radiation measuring instruments, gamma ray spectrum. Nuclear Fission: Nature of fission, fission of fissile nuclei, nuclear fission energy. β radiation, beta decay, energy distribution in beta decay, neutron capture. Nuclear Reactors: Types of nuclear reactors, fission reactors, calculation of the multiplier factor.

Introduction to the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atomic media. Einstein's coefficients. Stimulated emission and its conditions. Level systems. Conditions for laser emission. Resonators. Properties of laser beams. Types of lasers. Laser applications. Laser protection methods.

Detection of radioactivity. Decay and half-life. Absorption of alpha, beta, and gamma rays through materials. Determining the trajectory of particles. Rutherford scattering. Nuclear magnetic resonance. Alpha spectroscopy. Gamma spectroscopy. Compton effect. Studying directed emission from a radioactive source. Investigating the black scattering of beta particles.

Crystal structure. X-ray crystallography. Hall effect. Optical conductivity. Illuminance. Ferromagnetism. Thermoelectric properties. Determination of the melting point of a solid. Determination of the energy gap in a semiconductor. Determination of Planck's constant using a light-emitting diode.

Crystal structure. X-ray crystallography. Hall effect. Optical conductivity. Illuminance. Ferromagnetism. Thermoelectric properties. Determination of the melting point of a solid. Determination of the energy gap in a semiconductor. Determination of Planck's constant using a light-emitting diode.

Neutron physics. Radiation detectors. Neutron propagation and quenching. Nuclear reactors. Charged particles - accelerators. Nuclear reactions: conservation laws in nuclear reactions, conservation of nuclei, conservation of linear and angular momentum, conservation of energy and mass, energy calculations in nuclear reactions. Nuclear fission: nature of fission, fission of fissile nuclei, nuclear fission energy. Beta radiation, beta decay, energy distribution in beta decay, neutron capture. Nuclear reactors: types of nuclear reactors, fission reactors, calculation of the multiplier factor.

The graduation project is a scientific research project submitted by the student after completing the required number of credit hours in each department. A faculty member supervises the student during the project's preparation. The supervisor is chosen by the department head and follows up with the student throughout the two semesters of the research process. The project is written according to specific requirements.